MENGUKUR BIAYA SOSIAL LINGKUNGAN DARI AKTIVITAS INDUSTRI: TINJAUAN KOMPREHENSIF TENTANG PENCEMARAN DAN KONSEKUENSINYA
Abstract
This study aims to measure and analyze the social environmental costs arising from industrial activities, focusing on pollution and its multifaceted consequences. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the research combines quantitative estimations of environmental externalities—such as air and water pollution costs—with qualitative insights from stakeholders, including affected communities, environmental agencies, and industrial actors. Data were collected through environmental quality indices, economic cost models, and interviews in three industrial regions in Indonesia. The results reveal that the social costs of pollution—comprising healthcare, ecosystem degradation, and productivity loss—significantly exceed mitigation investments made by industries. Furthermore, qualitative findings indicate inadequate enforcement of environmental regulations, limited community participation, and corporate social responsibility programs that are mostly symbolic. This study contributes to the growing discourse on environmental economics by emphasizing the urgency of integrating ecological accounting into industrial policy and planning. A systemic, enforceable framework is proposed to internalize environmental costs and promote sustainable industrial practices aligned with ecological justice.
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